Economic Power · Production & Innovation · Innovation & Commercialisation

Research Commercialisation & Knowledge Transfer

The capacity to turn research into enterprise: transfer offices, licensing, spinout formation and the standing bridges between the research base and the firms that carry its results to market.

Developments: 1611951 to July 2025
With medium: 20623 very high
Nations: 44
Unverified: 1513 verified

Timeline

Every development graded as belonging to this capability, wherever it is kept: very high (about it), high (directly and substantially changes it), medium (a direct, material effect on it). A model gave the grades, reading each entry against the framework. A structured starting point, not a cited record. An entry marked unverified has not been checked against a source; tiers are assigned by a model and are not comparable between nation and capability timelines.

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