Hard Power · Strategic Infrastructure · Resource Infrastructure

Mining & Quarrying

Mining and quarrying covers the extraction of solid minerals and materials from the earth, including open-pit and underground mines, quarries and mineral sands operations, together with on-site crushing and concentration.

Developments: 535c. 43,000 BC to 15 September 2026
With medium: 620208 very high
Nations: 130
Unverified: 3810 verified

Timeline

Every development graded as belonging to this capability, wherever it is kept: very high (about it), high (directly and substantially changes it), medium (a direct, material effect on it). A model gave the grades, reading each entry against the framework. A structured starting point, not a cited record. An entry marked unverified has not been checked against a source; tiers are assigned by a model and are not comparable between nation and capability timelines.

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