Hard Power · Critical Technology · Artificial Intelligence

Machine Learning & Foundation Models

The capacity to train, tune and field machine learning at the frontier, foundation and general-purpose models, and the model families across language, vision and science built on them.

Developments: 4231940s to October 2026
With medium: 668187 very high
Nations: 85
Unverified: 180171 verified

Timeline

Every development graded as belonging to this capability, wherever it is kept: very high (about it), high (directly and substantially changes it), medium (a direct, material effect on it). A model gave the grades, reading each entry against the framework. A structured starting point, not a cited record. An entry marked unverified has not been checked against a source; tiers are assigned by a model and are not comparable between nation and capability timelines.

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